This study tackles the issue of the manifestation of national renaissance and reformation thought in Egypt with the arrival of the reformer “Gamal Al-Din Al-Afghani” to it in March 1871 from Istanbul (now Istanbul), the capital of the Ottoman Empire. He was welcomed by Khedive Ismail, the ruler of Egypt and Sudan at the time, because of his desire to benefit from Al-Afghani’s knowledge. This is because the Khedive Ismail wanted to establish a higher school for religious, scientific and literary reform, in addition to Al-Afghani’s reputation for opposing European control over Egypt’s wealth, which had become clear since 1876. Al-Afghani’s inclination towards democratic rule and opposition to dictatorial rule did not worry Khedive Ismail due to his absolute rule of the country. On the other hand, Britain had taken firm and deliberate steps to occupy Egypt and to control its wealth, even by armed force. In order to get rid of the reformation movement in Egypt, Britain forced the Ottoman Sultan “Abdul Hamid II” to depose Khedive Ismail in order to avoid establishing democratic rule and parliamentary life as one of the repercussions and consequences of the reformation movement in Egypt.
In September 1882, Britain’s occupation of Egypt by armed force was completed under the alleged reason of protecting Khedive Tawfiq from an advocate of reformist thought and leaders of the national movement with its three streams: the revolutionary, such as Ahmed Orabi and Adeeb Ishaq, the constitutional, such as Muhammad Sharif and Abd El-Salam Al-Meligi, and the Islamic, such as Muhammad Abduo. All of them were students of Gamal Al-Din Al-Afghani, and indeed Britain got rid of them and exiled them outside the country. Egypt was ruled with iron and fire to frustrate the Egyptians’ determination towards any reform of any kind. Britain ideology towards Egypt aimed to completely control or rather to dominate the Egyptian economy with its natural and human resources. This is because Britain aimed to make Egypt a market for British products, and to extend its full influence over the strategic Suez Canal passageway for British navigation, with 70% of its trade with Britain’s external passing through it.
abdo alkreem frg allah, R. (2024). Egypt between the National Movement and the British Strategy (1871-1882): An Analytical study. Journal of Qena Faculty of Arts, 33(62), 51-90. doi: 10.21608/qarts.2024.246938.1794
MLA
Roaia abdo alkreem frg allah. "Egypt between the National Movement and the British Strategy (1871-1882): An Analytical study", Journal of Qena Faculty of Arts, 33, 62, 2024, 51-90. doi: 10.21608/qarts.2024.246938.1794
HARVARD
abdo alkreem frg allah, R. (2024). 'Egypt between the National Movement and the British Strategy (1871-1882): An Analytical study', Journal of Qena Faculty of Arts, 33(62), pp. 51-90. doi: 10.21608/qarts.2024.246938.1794
VANCOUVER
abdo alkreem frg allah, R. Egypt between the National Movement and the British Strategy (1871-1882): An Analytical study. Journal of Qena Faculty of Arts, 2024; 33(62): 51-90. doi: 10.21608/qarts.2024.246938.1794